Racial Differences in Parent Response to COVID Schooling Policies

 This paper examines whether school COVID-19 policies influenced enrollment differently by student age and race/ethnicity. Unlike much prior research, this paper analyzes enrollments for virtually the entire U.S. public school population for both the 2020-21 and 2021-22 school years, comparing enrollment trends within districts in order to isolate subgroup heterogeneity from district characteristics, and accounting for district selection into preferred learning modes. 

Analyzing data on over 9,000 districts that serve more than 90% of public school students in the U.S., the authors find enrollment responses to COVID policies differed notably: White enrollments declined more than Black, Hispanic, and Asian enrollments in districts that started the 2020-21 school year virtually, but in districts that started in-person the reverse was true: non-White enrollments declined more than White enrollments. 

Moreover, Black, Hispanic, and Asian families responded more than White families to higher COVID-19 death rates in the months preceding the start of the 2021 school year. In 2021-22, enrollment differences by the previous year’s learning mode persisted. Racial/ethnic differences did not vary by whether the district required masking in classrooms. 

These findings are consistent with the greater risk faced by communities of color during the pandemic and demonstrate an additional source of disparate impact from COVID policies.