This study replicated and extended Shoda, Mischel, and Peake’s (1990) famous
marshmallow study, which showed strong bivariate correlations between a
child’s ability to delay gratification just before entering school and
both adolescent achievement and socioemotional behaviors.
Concentrating on children whose mothers had not completed college, the new study found that an additional minute waited at age 4 predicted a gain of approximately one tenth of a standard deviation in achievement at age 15. But this bivariate correlation was only half the size of those reported in the original studies and was reduced by two thirds in the presence of controls for family background, early cognitive ability, and the home environment.
Most of the variation in adolescent achievement came from being able to wait at least 20 seconds.
Associations between delay time and measures of behavioral outcomes (behavior, impulsivity, or attention control) at age 15 were much smaller and rarely statistically significant.
Concentrating on children whose mothers had not completed college, the new study found that an additional minute waited at age 4 predicted a gain of approximately one tenth of a standard deviation in achievement at age 15. But this bivariate correlation was only half the size of those reported in the original studies and was reduced by two thirds in the presence of controls for family background, early cognitive ability, and the home environment.
Most of the variation in adolescent achievement came from being able to wait at least 20 seconds.
Associations between delay time and measures of behavioral outcomes (behavior, impulsivity, or attention control) at age 15 were much smaller and rarely statistically significant.
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