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Aggressive children are less likely to become violent criminals or
psychiatrically troubled adults if they receive early intervention, says a new
study based on more than two decades of research.
These findings from researchers at Duke, Pennsylvania State and
Vanderbilt universities and the University of Washington are based on the Fast
Track Project, a multi-faceted program that is one of the largest
violence-prevention trials ever funded by the federal government.
Beginning in 1991, the researchers screened nearly 10,000 5-year-old
children in Durham, Nashville, Seattle and rural Pennsylvania for aggressive
behavior problems, identifying those who were at highest risk of growing up to
become violent, antisocial adults. Nearly 900 children were deemed at high
risk, and of those, half were randomly assigned to receive the Fast Track
intervention, while the other half were assigned to a control group.
Participating children and their families received an array of interventions at
school and at home.
Nineteen years later, the authors found that Fast Track participants
at age 25 had fewer convictions for violent and drug-related crimes, lower
rates of serious substance abuse, lower rates of risky sexual behavior and
fewer psychiatric problems than the control group.
"We can prevent serious violence and psychopathology among the
group of children who are highest-risk," said Duke's Kenneth Dodge.
"That's the essential finding from this study. It provides the strongest
evidence yet that, far from being doomed from an early age, at-risk children
can be helped to live productive lives."
Dodge directs the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy and is the
William McDougall Professor of Public Policy at Duke's Sanford School of Public
Policy.
The program's positive effects held true across four different sites
around the country, among both males and females and among both white and
African-American children.
The study appears online Sept. 15 in the American Journal of
Psychiatry.
From first through 10th grade, the Fast Track children received
reading tutoring and specialized intervention aimed at improving self-control
and social-cognitive skills. Parents learned problem-solving skills through
home visits and parent training groups.
When program participants turned 25, researchers reviewed court
records and conducted interviews with participants and control group members,
as well as individuals who knew the participants well.
Along with fewer criminal convictions, Fast Track participants had
lower rates of antisocial personality disorder and avoidant personality
disorder, lower rates of risky sexual behavior and lower rates of harsh
parenting. The latter finding suggests that the intervention may interrupt the
inter-generational cycle of problem behavior.
Fast Track is among very few studies to test the long-term effect of
environment on children's development through a clinical trial. It provides
strong evidence for the critical role environment plays in shaping a child's
development.
"This study adds to the experimental evidence for the important
role that environment plays," Dodge said. "Genes do not write an
inalterable script for a child's life. And not only does the environment matter
greatly in a child's development, we've shown that you can intervene and help
that child succeed in life."
Fast Track's positive effects do not come cheap. The 10-year
intervention costs $58,000 per child. However, that cost should be weighed
against the millions of dollars that each chronic criminal costs society in
imprisonment and harm to others, Dodge said.
"Prevention takes a considerable investment, but that investment
is worth it," Dodge said. "Our policies and practices should reflect
the fact that these children can have productive lives."
In future studies, Dodge and his colleagues plan to examine the
cost-benefit question more closely.
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