The role that time plays in the learning process

This study examines the fundamental and complex role that time plays in the learning process. The researchers begin by developing a conceptual framework to elucidate the multiple obstacles schools face in converting total time in school into active learning time. 

The researchers  document a clear positive effect of additional time on student achievement typically of small to medium magnitude depending on dosage, use, and context. 

Further descriptive analyses reveal how large differences in the length of the school day and year across public schools are an underappreciated dimension of educational inequality in the United States. 

Finally, a case study of time loss in one urban district demonstrates the potential to substantially increase instructional time within existing constraints.