This study evaluates the efficacy of the "Tutoring with the Lightning Squad" (TwLS) model, developed by the Success for All Foundation, which uses trained college graduates to provide structured, cooperative learning-based tutoring to small groups of elementary students. The randomized controlled trial, conducted during the 2021-2022 school year across 23 elementary schools in a diverse Southern California district, aimed to determine the impact of TwLS on reading achievement for students at risk of reading failure, comparing small-group and one-to-one tutoring formats. Students were randomly assigned to receive TwLS tutoring in small groups or one-to-one. Reading achievement was measured using the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement and NWEA MAP scores. The study assessed the fidelity of implementation, overall impact, and effects on subgroups, including gender, ethnicity, English Learner status, grade level, and baseline reading achievement.
Results showed a significant positive impact on the Word Attack subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson for students receiving small-group tutoring, with an effect size of +0.18. No significant differences were found for other reading measures. Comparisons between small-group and one-to-one tutoring revealed no significant differences in outcomes.
The study highlights the potential of TwLS as a cost-effective approach to improving reading skills in early grades, particularly in economically challenged and diverse school districts. Despite disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected consistent implementation, the findings suggest that TwLS can enhance reading achievement for struggling readers.
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