The Effects of Local Immigration Enforcement on Student Enrollment

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is the federal law-enforcement agency with primary responsibility for enforcing immigration laws within the U.S. However, for over a decade, ICE has formed partnerships that also allow local police to enforce immigration law (i.e., identifying and arresting undocumented residents). 

Prior studies, using survey data with self-reported immigrant and citizenship status, provide mixed evidence on the demographic impact of these controversial partnerships. 

This study presents new evidence based on the public-school enrollment of Hispanic students. Local ICE partnerships reduce the number of Hispanic students by nearly 10 percent within 2 years. Local ICE partnerships enacted before 2012 displaced over 300,000 Hispanic students. These effects appear to be concentrated among elementary-school students. 

The authors find no corresponding effects on the enrollment of non-Hispanic students. They also find no evidence that ICE partnerships reduced pupil-teacher ratios or the percent of students eligible for the National School Lunch Program (NSLP).