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English Language Learner (ELL) public school students who successfully complete English as a Second Language (ESL) or bilingual education programs within three years appear to fare better in meeting basic math and reading proficiency standards than their peers who remain enrolled in language acquisition courses for five years or more, according to a new study published by the Migration Policy Institute (MPI).
The report analyzes a unique longitudinal dataset compiled by the state of Texas that tracks all students – including the state’s large ELL population – from first grade through high school graduation and beyond. The authors find that “quick-exiter” ELLs among the cohort of students who attended Texas schools for all 12 grades achieved the best results among all ELL groups in meeting Texas basic math and reading proficiency standards.
The MPI report, The Educational Trajectories of English Language Learners in Texas, finds that long-term ELLs (those in ELL programs for five or more years) lagged significantly in every grade. The study, based on data obtained and utilized by Vanderbilt University Assistant Professor of Public Policy and Higher Education Stella M. Flores, was authored by Flores and MPI Senior Vice President Michael Fix and MPI Policy Analyst Jeanne Batalova.
“The weaker academic performance evidenced by long-term ELLs raises important questions on how to address their literacy and linguistic needs,” said Fix. “However, with much still unknown about the reasons why students remain in ELL status for many years, it would not be prudent to conclude that language acquisition instruction should be time-limited.”
ELL students represent one in nine of the 49.5 million students enrolled in U.S. public schools – a number that has risen dramatically, from 3.5 million during the 1998-99 school year to 5.3 million a decade later. Texas, with 832,000 ELL students, is second only to California, which has 1.1 million students with limited English proficiency.
"How these students, many of whom are U.S. natives, fare is of importance not just to them and their families, but to the broader society in terms of their ability to translate into a productive -- and multilingual -- workforce. In particular, expectations for ELL students should go beyond the basic outcome of achieving English language proficiency and should include the opportunity to participate in a college-preparatory curriculum that will pave the way for a better academic and economic future," Flores said.
Interestingly, the study found that Hispanic ELLs who opt out of ESL or bilingual education programs in favor of English-only courses may be particularly disadvantaged in terms of college enrollment.
“Parents may feel that they are helping their kids acquire English more quickly or avoid stigmatization if they keep them out of ESL or bilingual education classes, but in reality, our findings suggest that they should consider whether their children might fare better academically if they remained in language acquisition courses,” said Batalova.
Among the study’s other top findings:
- Black students who were ever ELLs (known as “ever-ELLs”) have higher academic test outcomes and are more likely to graduate from high school than their native English-speaking black peers. Asian and non-Hispanic white ever-ELLs who spent 12 years in Texas public schools (referred to in the report as the “on-time cohort”) were almost as likely to graduate as their non-ELL counterparts; while Hispanic ELLs slightly lagged their counterparts. (See Figures 6, 7 and 11 in report.)
- ELL students who worked while in school were more likely to go to college after graduation. While the factors explaining this are complicated, it may be that jobs offer opportunities for stronger English language development as well as accrued earnings for family and college expenses. However, the potential for interference with academic work is also very real, as demonstrated by the college enrollment lag for non-ELL students who work while in high school.
- While most on-time cohort students (between 60 to 95 percent depending on students’ ELL status, race or ethnicity, and subject test scores) achieved the basic proficiency level (“met the standard”) on both math and reading tests, much lower shares (between 13 to 25 percent) of ELL students reached the “commended performance” level. (Figure 10).
- Enrollment in dual-credit programs that let students gain both high school and college-level credits at the same time is a critical stepping stone for ELL students, serving as a stronger predictor of college enrollment than participation in AP classes or other factors. (Appendix B.)
- Ever-ELLs in the on-time cohort were much more likely, regardless of racial or ethnic category, to be economically disadvantaged than their non-ELL counterparts. For example, 90 percent of Hispanic ever-ELLs were eligible for free or reduced-price school lunches, compared to 65 percent of Hispanic non-ELLs. (Figure 4.)
The Migration Policy Institute (MPI) is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit think tank in Washington, DC dedicated to analysis of the movement of people worldwide. MPI provides analysis, development and evaluation of migration and refugee policies at the local, national and international levels.
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